The circuit described here is of a dual audio-signal tracer. An audio-signal tracer is a simple device used to troubleshoot for audio signals in radio and other electronic circuitry. The device is a battery-powered stereo amplifier with two loudspeakers, packaged into a small handheld unit with test probes. An optional diode detector can be incorporated for the detection of amplitude-modulated signals. A test signal (audio) is injected into the tracer at CON1/CON2 from various points of the circuit under test. So long as the signal is heard, the circuitry up to that point is (at least minimally) functional. However, if the signal disappears, a fault can be assumed to be present in the stage of the circuit just preceding it. Fig. 1: Circuit diagram of the dual audio-signal tracer The simple external diode detector is not only sensitive to amplitude modulation but even circuits that are normally used for other modulation schemes (such as FM radios) can be tested in some cases. Circuit an...
TL431 and LM431 are relatively low-noise, stable and low-cost shunt regulators. These can be used to build all sorts of power supplies including programmable power supplies, advantages of which are enormous. You can program the output voltage with simple switches. You can also program the output voltage with digital codes coming from a microcontroller (MCU) or from the printer port of a PC. You can adjust any output voltage individually with resistors or trimmer potentiometers to the required values. This article presents a programmable power supply built around TL431 (IC1) and two bipolar transistors BD139 and TIP31 (T1 and T2). The circuit also includes an inverter 7406 (IC2), nine diodes 1N4007 (D1 through D9), a 12V regulator 7812 (IC3), a 5V regulator 7805 (IC4) and a few other components. Using this circuit you can obtain around 18V, 2A unregulated output and 3V to 15V, 1A variable regulated power supply based on digitally programmable input as shown in Table I. You can also obta...
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